Weight loss during pregnancy due gestational diabetes
Fertilization (conception) is sometimes used as the initiation of pregnancy, with the derived age being termed fertilization age. During this time, cells begin to differentiate into the various body systems. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after the male and female cells unite. At 28 weeks, more than 90% of babies can survive outside of the uterus if provided high-quality medical care. About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012, of which, 190 million were in the developing world and 23 million were in the developed world. It is common for some women not to feel the fetus move until much later. Around the middle of the second trimester, movement of the fetus may be felt. Sometimes a symptom that is considered a discomfort can be considered a complication when it is more severe. The blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization. It is also during the third trimester that maternal activity and sleep positions may affect fetal development due to restricted blood flow. Furthermore, if ultrasound dating predicts a later due date than LMP, this might indicate slowed fetal growth and require closer review. During the final stages of gestation before childbirth the fetus and uterus will drop to a lower position. After 41 weeks, it is known as post term. This calculates the expected due date from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (LMP or LNMP) regardless of factors known to make this inaccurate, such as a shorter or longer menstrual cycle length. Swollen veins at or inside the anal area. Occasional, irregular, and often painless contractions that occur several times per day. A common complaint referred by the gravida, caused by increased intravascular volume, elevated GFR ( glomerular filtration rate ), and compression of the bladder by the expanding uterus. The symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy are those presentations and conditions that result from pregnancy but do not significantly interfere with activities of daily living or pose a threat to the health of the mother or baby. The fetus moves regularly, and is felt by the woman. It also severely reduces bladder capacity, and increases pressure on the pelvic floor and the rectum. At left anterior view with months labeled, at right lateral view labeling the last 4 weeks. By the end of the embryonic stage, the beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears become visible. During the second trimester, most women begin to wear maternity clothes. A decision may be made to induce labour if a fetus is perceived to be overdue. Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization. This choice was a result of inability to discern the point in time when the actual conception happened. For example, nausea can be a discomfort ( morning sickness ), but if, in combination with significant vomiting, it causes water-electrolyte imbalance it is a complication ( hyperemesis gravidarum ). (Image from gestational age of 20 weeks). Electrical brain activity is first detected between the fifth and sixth week of gestation. This typically happens in the fourth month, more specifically in the 20th to 21st week, or by the 19th week if the woman has been pregnant before. A third point in time is also considered by some people to be the true beginning of a pregnancy: This is time of implantation, when the future fetus attaches to the lining of the uterus. Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization. The first trimester is from week one through 12 and includes conception. In order to have a standard reference point, the normal pregnancy duration is assumed by medical professionals to be 280 days (or 40 weeks) of gestational age. Melasma pigment changes to the face due to pregnancy. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. The umbilical cord is the connecting cord from the embryo or fetus to the placenta. Common complaint caused by relaxation of the venous smooth muscle and increased intravascular pressure. (Image from gestational age of 40 weeks). , gravida number and parity value are increased by one only.
The uterus, the muscular organ that holds the developing fetus, can expand up to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy. A woman who has never been pregnant is referred to as a nulligravida. Pregnancy most commonly lasts for 40 weeks according to this LNMP-based method, assuming that the woman has a predictable menstrual cycle length of close to 28 days and conceives on the 14th day of that cycle. Although the breasts have been developing internally since the beginning of the pregnancy, most of the visible changes appear after this point. Fertilization usually occurs about two weeks before the next expected menstrual period. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. Levels of progesterone and oestrogens rise continually throughout pregnancy, suppressing the hypothalamic axis and therefore also the menstrual cycle. Twins and other multiple births are counted as one pregnancy and birth. The development of the mass of cells that will become the infant is called embryogenesis during the first approximately ten weeks of gestation. For pregnancy in fish, see Pregnancy in fish. It is considered primitive neural activity rather than the beginning of conscious thought. (Image from gestational age of 6 weeks). Conception is when the sperm fertilizes the egg. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. The uterus as it changes in size over the duration of the trimesters. Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Most women feel more energized in this period, and begin to put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. Accurate dating of pregnancy is important, because it is used in calculating the results of various prenatal tests, (for example, in the triple test ). The best method of determining gestational age is ultrasound during the first trimester of pregnancy. (Image from gestational age of 10 weeks). The stage of pregnancy defined as the beginning of legal fetal viability varies around the world. Main articles: Prenatal development, Human embryogenesis, and Fetus. Final weight gain takes place, which is the most weight gain throughout the pregnancy. During pregnancy, the woman undergoes many physiological changes, which are entirely normal, including cardiovascular, hematologic, metabolic, renal, and respiratory changes. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization. For pregnancy in other mammals, see Pregnancy (mammals). Fetal movement can become strong and be disruptive to the woman. After about ten weeks of gestational age, the embryo becomes known as a fetus. In the case of twins, triplets, etc. Increases in blood sugar, breathing, and cardiac output are all required. Head engagement, where the fetal head descends into cephalic presentation, relieves pressure on the upper abdomen with renewed ease in breathing. William Hunter, Anatomia uteri humani gravidi tabulis illustrata, 1774. Also during this time, there is development of structures important to the support of the embryo, including the placenta and umbilical cord. Caused by compression of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and pelvic veins by the uterus leads to increased hydrostatic pressure in lower extremities. Recent medical literature prefers the terminology preterm and postterm to premature and postmature. Fertilization can also occur by assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation. The fusion of male and female gametes usually occurs following the act of sexual intercourse. Sex organs begin to appear during the third month of gestation. Using this date, the resulting fetal age is called the gestational age. Weeks 13 to 28 of the pregnancy are called the second trimester. In addition, pregnancy may result in pregnancy complication such as deep vein thrombosis or worsening of an intercurrent disease in pregnancy. The basic outlines of the organ, body, and nervous systems are established. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy.
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